पुमा राइहरुको एक परिचय
खोटाङ जिल्लाको दक्षिण भेग सावा खोला र दुधकोशीको आसपासको छेत्रमा पुर्खौली बसोबास रहिआएको किरात राइहरु मध्ये एक पुमाराइहरुको बाहुल्य्यता खोटाङ जिल्लाको दिपलुङ, मौबोटे, देवीस्थान गाबिस मा छ भने चिसापानी, सुन्तले, फाक्ताङ, पौवासेरा, काहुले, बोपुङ, र उदयपुर जिल्लाको सिद्धिपुर, चौदन्डी, बबला, मैनामैनी गाबिस मा न्युनता रहेको पाईन्छ। हाल उदैयपुर जिल्लाकै बेल्टार, बसाहा, रामपुर, तथा तराइका जिल्लाहरु, सप्तरी, सुन्सरी, मोरङ, झापा र उपत्यकामा बसाइ सराई गर्ने पुमा राइहरुको सँख्यामा ब्रिद्धी भएको पाईन्छ। पुमाराइहरु आफुलाई रकोङ, रोकुङ, रोखुङ तथा रोकुङ भन्न रुचाउछन। उनिहरुले बोल्ने भाषा लाई पुमा भाषा भनिन्छ भने आफ्नो भाषामा उनिहरु रकोङ्ला, रोकोङ्ला, वा रोकुङ्ला भन्दछ्न। स्थानीय ठाउँहरुको कतिपय नामहरु यसै भाषाबाट राखिएको पाईन्छ। जस्तै; दिप्लुङ, ओक्वारीतोङ `मौवाबोटे`चाभालोक्खा, बाखोप्तान, ताम्दुङ, बँशिला, बुतवा, रोङ् रुम (निगाल्बास)आदी। २०५८ सालको राष्ट्रिय जनगणना अनुसार पुमा भाषिक राइ हरु करिब १२ हजार् को हाराहारिमा छन भने पुमा भाषा बोल्ने राइहरुको सँख्या ४३१० मात्र रहेकोछ। भाषा बोले पनि नबोले पनि पुमा राइहरु आफ्नो कुलपुजा तथा परम्परागत चुला पुज्दा वा अन्य सस्कार गर्दा पुमा भाषा(पुमा मुन्दुम जान्ने) ङापोङ, धामीले नै पुज्नुपर्दछ।
Monday, November 8, 2010
Tuesday, November 2, 2010
kalpanik nepal
Human habitation of Australia is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago,[24] possibly with the migration of people by land bridges and short sea-crossings from what is now Southeast Asia. These first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. At the time of European settlement in the late 18th century, most Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers, with a complex oral culture and spiritual values based on reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturalists and hunter-gatherers.[25]
Following sporadic visits by fishermen from the Indonesian archipelago,[26] the first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent were attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula on an unknown date in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York, near the modern town of Weipa.[27] The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of "New Holland" during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement.[27] William Dampier, an English explorer/privateer landed on the northwest coast of Australia in 1688 and again in 1699 on a return trip. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain.[28] Cook's discoveries prepared the way for establishment of a new penal colony. The British Crown Colony of New South Wales was formed on 26 January 1788, when Captain Arthur Phillip led the First Fleet to Port Jackson.[29] This date became Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825.[30] The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1828.[31]
Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859.[32] The Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia.[33] South Australia was founded as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony.[34] Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts.[35][36] A campaign by the settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.[37]
A calm body of water is in the foreground. The shoreline is about 200 metres away. To the left, close to the shore, are three tall gum trees; behind them on an incline are ruins, including walls and watchtowers of light-coloured stone and brick, what appear to be the foundations of walls, and grassed areas. To the right lie the outer walls of a large rectangular four-storey building dotted with regularly spaced windows. Forested land rises gently to a peak several kilometres back from the shore.
Port Arthur, Tasmania was Australia's largest gaol for transported convicts.
The indigenous population, estimated at 350,000 at the time of European settlement,[38] declined steeply for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.[39] The "Stolen Generations" (removal of Aboriginal children from their families), which historians such as Henry Reynolds have argued could be considered genocide,[40] may have contributed to the decline in the Indigenous population.[41] Such interpretations of Aboriginal history are disputed by conservative commentators such as former Prime Minister John Howard as exaggerated or fabricated for political or ideological reasons.[42] This debate is known within Australia as the History Wars.[43] The Federal government gained the power to make laws with respect to Aborigines following the 1967 referendum.[44] Traditional ownership of land—native title—was not recognised until 1992, when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned the notion of Australia as terra nullius ("land belonging to no one") before European occupation.[45]
A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s,[46] and the Eureka Stockade rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobedience.[47] Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.[48] The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs,[49] defence,[50] and international shipping.
A balding man wearing a suit and playing a bugle, while standing in front of a crowd of other people and a stone monument.
The Last Post is played at an ANZAC Day ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Similar ceremonies are held in most suburbs and towns.
On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation, and voting.[51] The Commonwealth of Australia was established and it became a dominion of the British Empire in 1907. The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was constructed.[52] The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.[53] In 1914, Australia joined Britain in fighting World War I, with support from both the outgoing Liberal Party and the incoming Labor Party.[54] Australians took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front.[55] Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.[56] Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation—its first major military action.[57][58] The Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.[59]
Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the UK. Australia adopted it in 1942,[60] but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.[61][62] The shock of the UK's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector.[63] Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US, under the ANZUS treaty.[64] After World War II, Australia encouraged immigration from Europe. Since the 1970s and following the abolition of the White Australia policy, immigration from Asia and elsewhere was also promoted.[65] As a result, Australia's demography, culture, and self-image were transformed.[66] The final constitutional ties between Australia and the UK were severed with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the government of the Australian States, and closing the option of judicial appeals to the Privy Council in London.[67] In a 1999 referendum, 55% of Australian voters and a majority in every Australian state rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by a two-thirds vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972,[68] there has been an increasing focus in foreign policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia's traditional allies and trading partners.[69]
Following sporadic visits by fishermen from the Indonesian archipelago,[26] the first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent were attributed to the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula on an unknown date in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February at the Pennefather River on the western shore of Cape York, near the modern town of Weipa.[27] The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of "New Holland" during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement.[27] William Dampier, an English explorer/privateer landed on the northwest coast of Australia in 1688 and again in 1699 on a return trip. In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain.[28] Cook's discoveries prepared the way for establishment of a new penal colony. The British Crown Colony of New South Wales was formed on 26 January 1788, when Captain Arthur Phillip led the First Fleet to Port Jackson.[29] This date became Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825.[30] The United Kingdom formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1828.[31]
Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859.[32] The Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia.[33] South Australia was founded as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony.[34] Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts.[35][36] A campaign by the settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.[37]
A calm body of water is in the foreground. The shoreline is about 200 metres away. To the left, close to the shore, are three tall gum trees; behind them on an incline are ruins, including walls and watchtowers of light-coloured stone and brick, what appear to be the foundations of walls, and grassed areas. To the right lie the outer walls of a large rectangular four-storey building dotted with regularly spaced windows. Forested land rises gently to a peak several kilometres back from the shore.
Port Arthur, Tasmania was Australia's largest gaol for transported convicts.
The indigenous population, estimated at 350,000 at the time of European settlement,[38] declined steeply for 150 years following settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.[39] The "Stolen Generations" (removal of Aboriginal children from their families), which historians such as Henry Reynolds have argued could be considered genocide,[40] may have contributed to the decline in the Indigenous population.[41] Such interpretations of Aboriginal history are disputed by conservative commentators such as former Prime Minister John Howard as exaggerated or fabricated for political or ideological reasons.[42] This debate is known within Australia as the History Wars.[43] The Federal government gained the power to make laws with respect to Aborigines following the 1967 referendum.[44] Traditional ownership of land—native title—was not recognised until 1992, when the High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned the notion of Australia as terra nullius ("land belonging to no one") before European occupation.[45]
A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s,[46] and the Eureka Stockade rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobedience.[47] Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.[48] The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs,[49] defence,[50] and international shipping.
A balding man wearing a suit and playing a bugle, while standing in front of a crowd of other people and a stone monument.
The Last Post is played at an ANZAC Day ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Similar ceremonies are held in most suburbs and towns.
On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation, and voting.[51] The Commonwealth of Australia was established and it became a dominion of the British Empire in 1907. The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. Melbourne was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was constructed.[52] The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.[53] In 1914, Australia joined Britain in fighting World War I, with support from both the outgoing Liberal Party and the incoming Labor Party.[54] Australians took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front.[55] Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.[56] Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation—its first major military action.[57][58] The Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.[59]
Britain's Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the UK. Australia adopted it in 1942,[60] but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II.[61][62] The shock of the UK's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector.[63] Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US, under the ANZUS treaty.[64] After World War II, Australia encouraged immigration from Europe. Since the 1970s and following the abolition of the White Australia policy, immigration from Asia and elsewhere was also promoted.[65] As a result, Australia's demography, culture, and self-image were transformed.[66] The final constitutional ties between Australia and the UK were severed with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the government of the Australian States, and closing the option of judicial appeals to the Privy Council in London.[67] In a 1999 referendum, 55% of Australian voters and a majority in every Australian state rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by a two-thirds vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972,[68] there has been an increasing focus in foreign policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia's traditional allies and trading partners.[69]
kingdom of kirat
Kirata Kingdom in Sanskrit literature and Hindu mythology refers to any kingdom of the Kirata people, who were dwellers mostly in the Himalayas (mostly eastern Himalaya) and North-East India. They took part in the Kurukshetra War along with Parvatas (mountaineers) and other Himalayan tribes. They were widespread in the folds and valleys of Himalayas in Nepal and Bhutan, and in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and Tripura.
Though dwelling in the Himalayas and other inaccessible regions, Kiratas did not get the status of super-humans enjoyed by other tribes like the Gandharvas, Kinnaras, Kimpurushas and Yakshas. This was probably because of their greater interaction with the Vedic people, which resulted in their de-mystification. But literary meaning of the word Kirata-or Kirati- means people with lion nature. It is derived from two words Kira-Lion and Ti- people and it also means people from the mountains. These two references fits well with the description of mythical Kimpurushas and thus it is possible that they might have been referenced as such in some older texts at least.
Though dwelling in the Himalayas and other inaccessible regions, Kiratas did not get the status of super-humans enjoyed by other tribes like the Gandharvas, Kinnaras, Kimpurushas and Yakshas. This was probably because of their greater interaction with the Vedic people, which resulted in their de-mystification. But literary meaning of the word Kirata-or Kirati- means people with lion nature. It is derived from two words Kira-Lion and Ti- people and it also means people from the mountains. These two references fits well with the description of mythical Kimpurushas and thus it is possible that they might have been referenced as such in some older texts at least.
Thursday, October 14, 2010
kirat mundum
Kirant Mundhum
Nakchong practicing in Tundikhel, the central park of Kathmandu.
Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) is also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar), Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in various parts of city.
Nakchong practicing in Tundikhel, the central park of Kathmandu.
Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) is also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar), Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in various parts of city.
Sunday, October 3, 2010
kirar father of history
Jitedasti' During the rule of the 7th Kirat King Jitedasti, Lord Gautam Buddha visited the valley with his several disciples.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nepal - Cached
The Kirat Period
There are also references to the fact that Jitedasti fought in the battle of Mahabharata from the Pandava's side. During the rule of Sthunko, the 14th.
The 7th Kirata king, Jitedasti, was on the throne in the Nepal valley at the time. By 250 BC, the region came under the influence of the Mauryan Empire of northern India.
website www.rai society logan.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nepal - Cached
The Kirat Period
There are also references to the fact that Jitedasti fought in the battle of Mahabharata from the Pandava's side. During the rule of Sthunko, the 14th.
The 7th Kirata king, Jitedasti, was on the throne in the Nepal valley at the time. By 250 BC, the region came under the influence of the Mauryan Empire of northern India.
website www.rai society logan.
kirat's first king
King Yalambar is mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. According to the epic,
. Yalamber heard about the great battle that was fought in
www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1-sNi4SSaA
The Kirat Period
Yalamber, the first Kirsti king of Nepal belonged to the14 years rulled by at nepal.first king of the Kiratas was Yalamber, who defeated Bhuvan Singh, the last
. Yalamber heard about the great battle that was fought in
www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1-sNi4SSaA
The Kirat Period
Yalamber, the first Kirsti king of Nepal belonged to the14 years rulled by at nepal.first king of the Kiratas was Yalamber, who defeated Bhuvan Singh, the last
Friday, October 1, 2010
Interduction of rai
A rai is a unit of area, equal to 1,600 square metres (40 m × 40 m), used for measuring land area. Its current size is precisely derived from the metre, but is neither part of nor recognized by the modern metric system, the International System (SI). The rai equals 4 ngaan or 400 tarangwa aka square waa.
Rai stones are large, circular stone disks carved out of limestone in the island of Yap, Micronesia. Locals have used these stones as a form of unusual currency, a "stone money."
Rai stones are large, circular stone disks carved out of limestone in the island of Yap, Micronesia. Locals have used these stones as a form of unusual currency, a "stone money."
Thursday, September 30, 2010
Tuesday, September 28, 2010
Monday, September 27, 2010
about rai
Rai is a tribe of Nepal.It is very worrier of Nepal history.they live in hillyroot.
Mohammad Estiyak Rai is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum. In the 2008 Constituent Assembly election he was elected from the Banke-2 constituency, winning 19396 votes.The Rai previously was just the post for the person to collect tax.The Rai, are the Khambu (people of Khumbu region) are one of Nepal's most ancient indigenous ethnolinguistic groups. The Rai belong to the Kirati group or the Kirat confederation that includes Limbu, Sunuwar, Yakkha, Dhimal, ethnic groups.
According to Professor Dor Bahadur Bista (anthropologist, Tribhuvan University) and late Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji (linguist and Kiratologist, Calcutta University) Kirats migrated from the east via north Burma and Assam along the mid-hills (lower mountains) with their pigs in ancient times.(ref.30,31).
According to Chatterji and other prominent linguists, the Rai, Limbu, and Dhimal languages are pronominalised (Austric/Kol influence) strongly indicating earliest migratory wave of these peoples compared to other Tibeto-Burmans whose languages are non-pronominalised.(ref.31)
The traditional homeland of the Rai extends across Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga (Wallo Kirat or Near Kirat), home of the Nachhiring, Bahing, Wambule subgroups), Khotang, Bhojpur and the Udayapur districts (Majh Kirat or Central Kirat), home of Bantawa, Chamling etc. in the northeastern hilly/mountainous region of Nepal, west of the Arun River in the Sun Kosi River watershed. Rais are also found in significant numbers in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the northern West Bengal towns of Kalimpong and Darjeeling.
Contents
1 Description
2 Kirat history and culture about the nepal.
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Description
Mangpa (Priests) of RaiAccording to Nepal's 2001 census, there are 635,751 Rai(Khambu) in Nepal which represents 2.79% of the total population. Of this number, 70.89% declared themseleves as practising the traditional (Kiranti/Kirant) religion and 25.00% declared themselves as Hindu. Yakkha were measured as a separate ethnic group of which 81.43% were Kirant and 14.17% were Hindu.[1] The Rai are divided into many different
Mohammad Estiyak Rai is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum. In the 2008 Constituent Assembly election he was elected from the Banke-2 constituency, winning 19396 votes.The Rai previously was just the post for the person to collect tax.The Rai, are the Khambu (people of Khumbu region) are one of Nepal's most ancient indigenous ethnolinguistic groups. The Rai belong to the Kirati group or the Kirat confederation that includes Limbu, Sunuwar, Yakkha, Dhimal, ethnic groups.
According to Professor Dor Bahadur Bista (anthropologist, Tribhuvan University) and late Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji (linguist and Kiratologist, Calcutta University) Kirats migrated from the east via north Burma and Assam along the mid-hills (lower mountains) with their pigs in ancient times.(ref.30,31).
According to Chatterji and other prominent linguists, the Rai, Limbu, and Dhimal languages are pronominalised (Austric/Kol influence) strongly indicating earliest migratory wave of these peoples compared to other Tibeto-Burmans whose languages are non-pronominalised.(ref.31)
The traditional homeland of the Rai extends across Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga (Wallo Kirat or Near Kirat), home of the Nachhiring, Bahing, Wambule subgroups), Khotang, Bhojpur and the Udayapur districts (Majh Kirat or Central Kirat), home of Bantawa, Chamling etc. in the northeastern hilly/mountainous region of Nepal, west of the Arun River in the Sun Kosi River watershed. Rais are also found in significant numbers in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the northern West Bengal towns of Kalimpong and Darjeeling.
1 Description
2 Kirat history and culture about the nepal.
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Description
Mangpa (Priests) of RaiAccording to Nepal's 2001 census, there are 635,751 Rai(Khambu) in Nepal which represents 2.79% of the total population. Of this number, 70.89% declared themseleves as practising the traditional (Kiranti/Kirant) religion and 25.00% declared themselves as Hindu. Yakkha were measured as a separate ethnic group of which 81.43% were Kirant and 14.17% were Hindu.[1] The Rai are divided into many different
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